Protests against Nepal’s short-lived ban on social media grew increasingly violent Tuesday as demonstrators set government buildings and politicians’ homes on fire and attacked some leaders.

Protests against Nepal’s social media ban turned violent as thousands of youths, frustrated by corruption and unemployment, torched government buildings and politicians’ homes and attacked leaders.

Anger against the government for what many view as rampant, decades-long corruption was already simmering, and it spilled into the streets of the capital last week after the government blocked social...