Different types of concrete are produced based on the constituent material, mix design, the method of construction, area of application, form of hydration reaction. Details of these various types of ...

Bridge bearings are structural equipment or devices installed between bridge substructure and superstructure. Types of bridge bearings are discussed.

There are different types of windows used in building construction to provide ventilation, and view. The selection of windows depends on many criteria.

2. Crib Retaining Wall Crib retaining walls are a form of gravity wall. They are constructed of interlocking individual boxes made from timber or pre-cast concrete. Then, the boxes are filled with ...

Biophilic designs are innovative ways of incorporating nature into buildings and modern architecture. Biophilia means the human tendency to interact or be closely associated with other forms of lif… ...

Construction tools list for building construction works such as concrete, brick masonry, leveling, wood works, floor works, slab works, brick laying, plastering etc. is provided.

Concrete mix ratios are the proportions of concrete components such as cement, sand, aggregates and water. These mix ratios are decided based on type of construction and mix designs. However, build… ...

The basic components of a building structure are the foundation, floors, walls, beams, columns, roof, stair, etc. These elements serve the purpose of supporting, enclosing and protecting the building ...

There are various types of leveling used in surveying for measurement of level difference of different points with respect to a fixed point. This is useful in various civil engineering construction… ...

The quality issues observed in construction practices are addressed in a report called the non-conformance report or the non-conformity report (NCR). An NCR explains the deviation of a specific con… ...

Spalling is break away of concrete surface which often extends to the top layers of reinforcing steel. Spalls may be 150 mm or more in diameter and 25mm or more in depth, and the occurrence of smal… ...

What is a Cavity Wall? Cavity wall is constructed with two separate walls for single wall purpose with some space or cavity between them. These two separate walls are called as leaves of cavity wal… ...