In this paper, a novel community detection method called MPSO-CD was proposed based on multi-objective particle swarm optimization, in which negative ratio association and ratio cut were employed as ...

Turing’s ideas ultimately led to the development of reinforcement learning, a branch of artificial intelligence. Reinforcement learning designs intelligent agents by training them to maximize ...

With advances in high-resolution imaging, mass spectrometry and machine-learning-assisted data analysis ... There are two basic approaches: the imaging method fluorescence microscopy and ...

He also discussed the "education" of such machines "by means of rewards and punishments." Turing's ideas ultimately led to the development of reinforcement learning, a branch of artificial ...