Existing research shows how engagement-driven algorithms on platforms like YouTube and TikTok prioritize emotionally resonant content, amplify polarizing narratives, and limit informational diversity.

Second, we propose an attack stage division algorithm to divide each generated graph structure into stage subgraphs. Finally, we design a genetic algorithm to find the optimal attack technique ...

For i = 1,2, … N and j = 1,2 … ,m. An iteration of a COA ends when every coati’s position in the search space has been updated based on the first and second phases, and until the algorithm reaches its ...